Sharaxaada ereyada bayoolojiga kelliyada aasaasiga ah
1. cDNA iyo cccDNA: cDNA waa DNA laba-geesood ah oo lagu farsameeyey transcriptase ka yimid mRNA;cccDNA waa plasmid laba-geesoon oo xiran DNA wareeg ah oo ka madax banaan koromosoomka.
2. Halbeegga isku-laabashada caadiga ah: unugga qaab-dhismeedka sare ee borotiinka α-helix iyo β-sheet waxay samayn karaan blocks qaab-dhismeedyo leh habayn joomatari oo gaar ah iyada oo loo marayo polypeptides isku xidha kala duwan.Noocan laalaabida la go'aamiyay waxaa badanaa loo yaqaan qaabdhismeedka sare.Ku dhawaad dhammaan qaab-dhismeedka jaamacadeed waxaa lagu sifeyn karaa noocyadan laablaaban, iyo xitaa noocyadooda la isku daray, sidaas darteed waxaa sidoo kale loogu yeeraa cutubyada isku-laabashada caadiga ah.
3. CAP: cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) borotiinka reseptor CRP (cAMP receptor protein), kakan oo la sameeyay ka dib markii la isku daro cAMP iyo CRP waxaa loo yaqaan 'activating protein CAP' (protein activated cAMP)
4. Taxanaha Palindromic: Isku xigxiga gadaal kaabiska ah ee qayb ka mid ah jajabka DNA-da, inta badan waa goobta ensaymka xaddidan.
5. micRNA: Faragelin dhammaystiran RNA ama antisense RNA, kaas oo kaabaya taxanaha mRNA oo joojin kara tarjumaada mRNA.
6. Ribozyme: RNA oo leh firfircooni firfircoon, kaas oo ka ciyaara doorka autocatalytic ee habka kala qaybinta RNA.
7. Motif: Waxa jira gobollo maxalli ah oo leh qaab saddex-geesood ah oo la mid ah iyo topology qaab-dhismeedka boosaska unugyada borotiinka
8. Calaamadaha peptide: peptide leh 15-36 amino acid hadhaa ah oo ku yaal N-terminus inta lagu jiro isku-darka borotiinka, kaas oo hagaya transmembrane ee borotiinka.
9. Attenuator: Isku xigxiga nucleotide ee u dhexeeya gobolka hawlwadeenka iyo hidde-dhiska qaab-dhismeedka kaas oo joojiya qoraalka.
10. Spot Magic: Marka ay bakteeriyadu korto oo ay la kulanto la'aanta amino acids-ka, bakteeriyadu waxay soo saari doontaa jawaab celin degdeg ah si ay u joojiso muujinta dhammaan hidde-sideyaasha.Calaamadaha dhaliya jawaabta degdega ah waa guanosine tetraphosphate (ppGpp) iyo guanosine pentaphosphate (pppGpp).Doorka PPGpp iyo ppGpp ma aha oo kaliya hal ama dhawr operons, laakiin waxay saameeyaan tiro badan oo iyaga ka mid ah, sidaas darteed waxaa loogu yeeraa super-regulators ama dhibco sixir ah.
11. Cunsurka kor u kaca ee kor u kaca: waxa uu tilmaamayaa taxanaha DNA-da ee ka ciyaara doorka nidaaminta ee waxqabadka dhiirrigeliyaha, sida TATA ee gobolka -10, TGACA ee gobolka -35, kor u qaadayaasha, iyo attenuators.
12. Baadhitaanka DNA: waa qayb calaamadaysan oo DNA ah oo leh taxane la yaqaan, taas oo si weyn loo isticmaalo si loo ogaado taxanaha aan la garanayn iyo shaashadda bartilmaameedka.
13. taxanaha SD: Waa isku xigxiga isku xigxiga ee ribosome iyo mRNA, kaas oo nidaamiya tarjumaada.
14. Monoclonal Antibody: Unug ka hortag ah oo ka hortagaya kaliya hal go'aamiye antigenic.
15. Cosmid: Waa faleebo DNA ah oo dibadda ka ah oo si macmal ah loo dhisay oo ku celiya gobollada COS ee labada daraf ee phage-ga waxayna ku xiran tahay plasmid-ka.
16. Baadhitaanka dhibcaha buluuga ah ee buluuga ah: hidda-wadaha LacZ (encoding β-galactosidase), ensaymku wuxuu burburin karaa substrate-ka chromogenic X-gal (5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indole-β-D-galactoside) si loo soo saaro buluug, sidaas darteed samaynta cadaadiska buluuga ah.Marka DNA-da dibedda la geliyo, hidda-wadaha LacZ lama sheegi karo, cidhiidhiguna waa caddaan, si loo baadho bakteeriyada dib-u-habaynta.Tan waxaa loo yaqaan baarista buluug-cad.
17. Cis-acting element: Waa taxane gaar ah oo saldhigyada DNA-da ah kaas oo maamula muujinta hidda-wadaha.
18. Klenow enzyme: Qayb weyn oo DNA polymerase I ah, marka laga reebo in 5' 3' dhaqdhaqaaqa exonuclease laga saaray DNA polymerase I holoenzyme
19. PCR Anchored: waxaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu kordhiyo DNA-da xiisaha iyadoo la raacayo taxanaha la yaqaan ee hal daraf ah.Dabada poly-dG ayaa lagu daray hal daraf oo isku xigxiga aan la garanayn, ka dibna poly-dC iyo isku xigxiga la yaqaan ayaa loo isticmaalay sidii curiye si kor loogu qaado PCR.
20. Fusion protein: Hidde-sidayaasha borotiinka eukaryotic waxa uu ku xidhan yahay hidda-wadaha dibadda, borotiinka ka kooban tarjumaada borotiinka hidda-wadaha iyo borotiinka dibadda ayaa isla mar la muujiyaa.
Erayada kale ee bayoolaji molecular
1. Khariidadda jireed ee DNA-da waa habka ay u kala horreeyaan (xakamaynta endonuclease-shiidid) jajabyada molecule DNA-ga la habeeyay.
2. Kala dillaaca RNase waxa loo qaybiyaa laba nooc (autocatalysis) iyo (heterocatalysis).
3. Waxaa jira saddex arrimood oo bilaw ah oo ku jira prokaryotes waa (IF-1), (IF-2) iyo (IF-3).
4. Barootiinnada Transmembrane waxay u baahan yihiin hanuunin (signal peptides), doorka chaperones borotiinku waa (waxay ka caawisaa inay isku laabmaan silsiladda peptide-ka qaab-dhismeedka asalka ah ee borotiinka).
5. Walxaha dhiirrigeliyeyaasha guud ahaan waxa loo qaybin karaa laba nooc: (cutubyo dhiirrigeliye ah oo udubdhexaad u ah) iyo (cunsurada kor u qaadaya).
6. Nuxurka cilmi-baadhista ee bayoolaji molecular inta badan waxa ka mid ah saddex qaybood: ( bayoloji qaab-dhismeedka molecular), ( muujinta hidda-wadaha iyo habaynta), iyo (teknoolojiyadda dib-u-habaynta DNA).
7.Labada tijaabo ee muhiimka ah ee muujinaya in DNA-du yahay maadada hidda-socodka waa (infekshanka pneumococcus ee jiirarka) iyo (Infekshanka T2 phage ee Escherichia coli).kartida).
8. Waxaa jira laba farqi oo waaweyn oo u dhexeeya hnRNA iyo mRNA: (hnRNA waxay u kala qaybsan tahay habka loo beddelayo mRNA), (5' dhamaadka mRNA waxaa lagu daraa koofiyada m7pGppp, waxaana jira polyadenylation dheeraad ah oo ku yaal 3' dhamaadka mRNA acid (polyA) dabada).
9. Faa'iidooyinka noocyada kala duwan ee borotiinka waa (subnit waa hab dhaqaale oo loogu talagalay isticmaalka DNA), (waxay yareyn kartaa saameynta khaladaadka aan tooska ahayn ee borotiinka borotiinka ee dhaqdhaqaaqa borotiinka), (hawlaha waxay noqon kartaa mid aad u hufan oo si degdeg ah loo furo oo la xiro).
10. Nuxurka ugu muhiimsan ee habka isku-laabashada borotiinka marka hore aragtida nukliyeerka waxaa ka mid ah (nucleation), (kordhinta qaabdhismeedka), (dib u habeyntii ugu dambeysay).
11. Galactose wuxuu leeyahay saameyn laba geesood ah bakteeriyada;dhinaca kale (waxaa loo isticmaali karaa ilaha kaarboon ee koritaanka unugyada);dhanka kale (sidoo kale waa qayb ka mid ah gidaarka unugga).Sidaa darteed, S2 dhiirrigeliye madax-bannaan-caMP-CRP ayaa looga baahan yahay isku-dhafka joogtada ah ee heerka asalka;Isla mar ahaantaana, dhiirigeliyaha ku-tiirsanaanta cAMP-CRP S1 ayaa loo baahan yahay si loo habeeyo isku-dhafka heerka sare ah.Qoraalku wuxuu ka bilaabmaa (S2) oo ku socda G iyo ka (S1) oo aan lahayn G.
12. Tignoolajiyada dib-u-habaynta DNA-da waxaa sidoo kale loo yaqaannaa (gene cloning) ama (cloning molecular).Hadafka ugu dambeeya waa (in lagu wareejiyo xogta hidda-socodka DNA ee hal noole oo loo wareejiyo noole kale).Tijaabada dib-u-habaynta DNA-da ee caadiga ah waxay inta badan ka mid tahay tillaabooyinka soo socda: (1) Soo saar hidda-wadaha bartilmaameedka ah (ama hidda-wadaha dibadda) ee noolaha deeqaha, oo si enzymatic ahaan ugu xidh molecule kale oo DNA ah (cloning vector) si loo sameeyo unugya DNA-da dib-u-habayn cusub.② Unugyada DNA-da ee dib-u-habaynta waxa loo gudbiyaa unugga qaataha waxaana lagu soo koobaa unugga qaataha.Habkan waxaa loo yaqaan isbeddel.③ Baadh oo aqoonso unugyada qaata ee qaatay DNA-da dib-u-habaynta.④ Kobciyo unugyada ka kooban DNA-ga dib-u-habaynta tiro badan si loo ogaado in hiddasidaha gargaarka shisheeye la muujiyey iyo in kale.
13. Waxaa jira laba nooc oo plasmid-ku-noqoshada ah: kuwa si adag loo xakameeyo isku-darka borotiinka unugga martida loo yahay waxaa loo yaqaan (plasmids adag), iyo kuwa aan si adag loo koontaroolin isku-darka borotiinka unugga martida loo yahay waxaa loo yaqaan (plasmids nasasho leh).
14. Nidaamka falcelinta PCR waa inuu lahaadaa xaaladaha soo socda: a.Aasaasayaasha DNA-da (qiyaastii 20 saldhig) oo leh taxane is-kaabayaal ah oo ku yaal daraf kasta oo ka mid ah labada qaybood ee hidda-wadaha bartilmaameedka ah ee la kala saarayo.b.Enzymes leh xasilloonida kuleylka sida: TagDNA polymerase.c, dNTPd, DNA isku xigxiga xiisaha sida template
15. Habka falcelinta aasaasiga ah ee PCR waxa ku jira saddex marxaladood: (denaturation), (annealing), iyo (kordhinta).
16. Habka aasaasiga ah ee xayawaanka transgenic sida caadiga ah waxaa ka mid ah: ① Soo bandhigida hiddo-wadaha ajnabiga ah ee cloned galay xudunta ukunta bacrinsan ama unugga taamka embriyaha;②U-gudbinta bacriminta la tallaalay ama unugga tarma ee uurjiifka oo loo beddelo ilmo-galeenka dheddigga;③ Koriinka iyo korriinka uurjiifka oo dhameystiran oo loogu talagalay faraca leh hiddo-wadaha shisheeye;④ U adeegso xayawaankan soo saari kara borotiinno shisheeye sidii kayd taran si aad u dhaliso khadadka khaniisiinta cusub.
17. Khadadka unugyada Hybridoma waxaa soo saara unugyo isku dhafan (B) unugyo leh (myeloma), iyo tan iyo (unugyada laf-dhabarka) waxay isticmaali karaan hypoxanthine iyo (unugyada lafaha) waxay bixiyaan hawlaha qaybta unugyada, waxay ku kori karaan dhexdhexaadiyaha HAT.koraan.
18. Iyada oo qoto dheer ee cilmi-baarista, jiilka koowaad ee unugyada difaaca jirka waxaa loo yaqaannaa (antibodies polyclonal), jiilka labaad (antibodies monoclonal), iyo jiilka saddexaad (genetic engineering antibodies).
19. Waqtigan xaadirka ah, injineernimada hidaha ee fayrasyada cayayaanka ayaa inta badan diiradda saaraya baculovirus, kaas oo lagu muujiyay hordhaca (genetic toxin exogenous);( hiddo-sideyaasha carqaladeeya wareegga nolosha caadiga ah ee cayayaanka);(wax ka beddelka hidde-sideyaasha fayraska).
20. Qodobbada borotiinka trans-acting ee u dhigma walxaha caadiga ah ee TATA, GC, iyo CAAT ee naasleyda RNA polymerase II dhiirrigeliye waa (TFIID), (SP-1) iyo (CTF/NF1), siday u kala horreeyaan.
kow iyo labaatanaad.Qodobbada qoraalka aasaasiga ah ee RNA polymerase Ⅱ waa, TFⅡ-A, TFⅡ-B, TFII-D, TFⅡ-E, iyo isku xigxiggoodu waa: (D, A, B, E).Halkaas oo shaqada TFII-D ay tahay (ku xidhan sanduuqa TATA).
labaatan iyo laba.Inta badan qodobbada qoraalka ee ku xidhan DNA waxay u shaqeeyaan qaab dimers.Qaybaha shaqaynta ee qodobbada qoraalka ee ku xidhan DNA-ga ayaa ah kuwan soo socda (helix-turn-helix), (motif-ka zinc-ga), (asaasiga-leucine) motif-siibka).
saddex iyo labaatan.Waxaa jira saddex nooc oo xaddidan oo ah qaababka kala-soocidda endonuclease: (goy dhinaca 5' ee dhidibka summada si ay u abuurto 5' darafyo dhegdheg ah), (goy dhinaca 3' ee dhidibka summaynta si ay u abuurto 3' darafyo dhegdheg leh (goy dhinaca dhidibka summada si ay u abuurto qaybo siman)).
afar iyo labaatan.Plasmid DNA waxay leedahay saddex qaabayn oo kala duwan: (qaabaynta SC), (oc-habaynta), (qaabaynta L).Midka ugu horreeya ee electrophoresis waa (qaabeynta SC).
25. Nidaamyada muujinta hidde-sidaha dibadda, inta badan (Escherichia coli), (khamiir), (Cayayaan) iyo (Miiska unugga naasleyda).
26. Habka caadiga ah ee loo isticmaalo xayawaanka transgenic waa: (habka caabuqa retroviral), (habka microinjection DNA), (habka unugga stem cell embriyaha).
Codsiga bayoloji molecular
1. Sheeg shaqooyinka in ka badan 5 RNA?
Wareejinta RNA tRNA Gudbinta amino acid Ribosome RNA rRNA Ribosome waxa uu ka kooban yahay rasuul RNA mRNA Protein synthes template template Heterogeneous nuclear RNA hnRNA Hordhac mRNA bislaaday RNA nukleer yar RNA snRNA Ku lug lahaansho hnRNA kala qaybinta Yar yar ee cytoplasmic RNA scRNA/7SL-RNA borotiinka RNA lagu garto unugyada reticulum , Ribozyme RNA Enzymatically firfircoon RNA
2. Waa maxay faraqa ugu weyn ee u dhexeeya dhiirrigeliyeyaasha prokaryotic iyo eukaryotic?
Prokaryotic TTGACA --- TATAAT------Goobta Bilowga-35 -10 Kobciyaha Eukaryotic---GC ---CAAT---TAATAA-5mGpp-Goobta Bilowga-110 -70 -25
3. Maxay yihiin dhinacyada ugu muhiimsan ee dhismaha macmalka ah ee plasmids dabiiciga ah?
Plasmids-yada dabiiciga ahi waxay inta badan leeyihiin cillado, sidaas darteed kuma habboona in loo isticmaalo sidayaasha injineernimada hidde-sideyaasha, waana in wax laga beddelo oo la dhisaa: a.Ku dar hiddo-sidaha xulashada habboon, sida laba ama ka badan, kuwaas oo ay fududahay in loo isticmaalo xulashada, badiyaa hiddo-sideyaasha antibiyootiga.b.Kordhi ama hoos u dhig goobaha goynta enzyme ku habboon si loo fududeeyo dib-u-habaynta.c.Gaadhi dhererka, gooya jajabyada aan loo baahnayn, wanaaji waxtarka soo dejinta oo kordhiya awoodda wax soo dejinta.d.Beddel jawaabta, ka cidhiidhi una beddel, koobiyo yar oo nuqullo badan ka beddel.e.Ku dar walxaha hidde-sidaha gaarka ah iyadoo loo eegayo shuruudaha gaarka ah ee injineernimada hiddaha
4. Bixi tusaale ah habka baadhista kala duwanaanshiyaha cDNA-ga unugyada gaarka ah?
Laba unug ayaa la diyaariyaa, hidde-sidaha bartilmaameedka ah ayaa la muujiyaa ama si weyn loogu muujiyaa unugyada mid ka mid ah, iyo hidde-sidaha bartilmaameedka ah lama muujinayo ama hoos uma dhigo unugga kale, ka dibna hiddaha bartilmaameedka waxaa lagu helaa isku-dhafka iyo isbarbardhigga.Tusaale ahaan, inta lagu guda jiro dhacdooyinka iyo horumarinta burooyinka, unugyada burooyinka waxay soo bandhigi doonaan mRNA-yada heerarka muujinta kala duwan marka loo eego unugyada caadiga ah.Sidaa darteed, hiddo-wadaha burooyinka la xidhiidha waxa lagu baari karaa isku-dhafan kala duwan.Habka kicinta ayaa sidoo kale loo isticmaali karaa in lagu baaro hiddo-wadaha hadalladooda la kiciyay.
5. Jiilka iyo baadhista khadadka unugyada hybridoma?
Unugyada spleen B + unugyada myeloma, ku dar polyetylen glycol (PEG) si kor loogu qaado isku-dhafka unugyada, iyo unugyada isku-dhafka B-myeloma ee koray ee dhexdhexaadka ah ee koofiyadda (oo ay ku jiraan hypoxanthine, aminopterin, T) waxay sii wadaan inay ballaariyaan nafaqada.Isku-dhafka unugga wuxuu ka kooban yahay: Unugyada isku-dhafka beeryarada-Xanyeerka: ma awoodaan inay koraan, unugyada beeryarada laguma dhaqmi karo vitro.Unugyada isku dhafka lafaha: ma isticmaali karaan hypoxanthine, laakiin waxay ku soo saari karaan purine iyada oo loo marayo dariiqa labaad iyada oo la adeegsanayo folate reductase.Aminopterin wuxuu joojiyaa folate reductase sidaas darteed ma kori karo.Unugyada isku-dhafka lafaha-lafaha: waxay ku kori karaan koofiyadda, unugyada beeryarada waxay isticmaali karaan hypoxanthine, iyo unugyada lafaha ayaa bixiya shaqada qaybta unugyada.
6. Waa maxay mabda'a iyo habka lagu go'aamiyo qaabka aasaasiga ah ee DNA-da habka joojinta ee dideoxy (habka Sanger)?
Mabda'a waa in la isticmaalo terminator silsilad nucleotide-2,,3,-dideoxynucleotide si loo joojiyo fidinta DNA.Maaddaama ay ka maqan tahay 3-OH ee looga baahan yahay samaynta 3/5/ bonds fosfodiester, marka lagu daro silsiladda DNA-da, silsiladda DNA-da lama sii kordhin karo.Marka loo eego mabda'a isku-dhafka saldhigga ah, mar kasta oo DNA polymerase u baahan yahay dNMP si uu uga qaybqaato silsiladda DNA-da ee caadiga ah, waxaa jira laba fursadood, mid waa inuu ka qaybqaato ddNTP, taas oo keenta joojinta kordhinta silsiladda deoxynucleotide;Midda kale waa in laga qaybqaato dNTP , si silsiladda DNA-da ay wali u sii socoto sii fiditaanka ilaa ddNTP soo socda lagu daro.Marka loo eego habkan, koox ka mid ah jajabyada DNA-da ee dhererka kala duwan ee ku dhammaanaya ddNTP ayaa la heli karaa.Habka waa in loo qaybiyaa afar kooxood siday u kala horreeyaan ddAMP, ddGMP, ddCMP, iyo ddTMP.Falcelinta ka dib, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis wuxuu akhriyi karaa taxanaha DNA iyadoo loo eegayo kooxaha dabaasha.
7. Waa maxay saamaynta togan ee habaynta borotiinka activator (CAP) ee qoraalka?
Cyclic adenylate (cAMP) borotiinka reseptor-ka CRP (protein reseptor-ka cAMP), kakanaanta ay sameeyeen isku dhafka cAMP iyo CRP waxaa loo yaqaan CAP (protein cAMPactivated).Marka E. koli ay ku koraan gulukoos ka maqan dhexdhexaad ah, isku dhafka CAP wuu kordhaa, CAP waxay leedahay shaqada kicinta dhiirrigeliyeyaasha sida lactose (Lac).Qaar ka mid ah dhiirrigeliyeyaasha ku-tiirsan CRP ayaa ka maqan sifada -35-ka caadiga ah ee isku xigxiga gobolka (TTGACA) ee dhiirrigeliyeyaasha caadiga ah ay leeyihiin.Sidaa darteed, way ku adag tahay RNA polymerase inay ku xidho.Joogitaanka CAP (shaqo): waxay si weyn u wanaajin kartaa isku-xidhka joogtada ah ee enzyme iyo dhiirrigeliyaha.Waxay inta badan muujisaa labadan arrimood ee soo socda: ① CAP waxay ka caawisaa molecule enzyme si ay si sax ah u jiheyso iyada oo beddeleysa qaabka dhiirrigeliyaha iyo isdhexgalka enzyme, si loogu daro gobolka -10 oo uu u ciyaaro doorka beddelka shaqada gobolka -35.②CAP waxay sidoo kale joojin kartaa ku-xidhka RNA polymerase ee goobaha kale ee DNA-da, taas oo kordhinaysa suurtogalnimada in lagu xiro dhiirrigeliyeheeda gaarka ah.
8. Waa maxay tillaabooyinka inta badan lagu daraa tijaabada isku-dhafka DNA-da ee caadiga ah?
a.Soo saar hidde-sidaha la beegsanayo (ama hidda-wadaha dibadda) ee noolaha deeqaha, oo si enzymatic ahaan ugu xidh molecule kale oo DNA ah (cloning vector) si loo sameeyo unug cusub oo DNA-da ah.b.Ku wareeji molecule DNA-ga recombinant unugga qaata oo ku celi oo ku xafid unugga qaataha.Habkan waxaa loo yaqaan isbeddel.c.Baadh oo aqoonso unugyada qaata ee qaatay DNA-da dib-u-habaynta.d.Dhaqan tiro badan unugyada ay ku jiraan DNA-da dib-u-habaynta si loo ogaado in hiddasidaha gargaarka shisheeye la muujiyey iyo in kale.
9. Dhismaha maktabadda hidda-wadaha Saddex hab oo lagu baadho dib-u-hawlgalayaasha ayaa la bixiyaa oo habsocodka si kooban ayaa loo sharraxay.
Baadhitaanka iska caabbinta antibiyootiga, firfircooni la'aanta iska caabbinta, baadhista bar buluug-cad ama baadhista PCR, baadhista kala duwan, baadhitaanka DNA-da unugyada cloning Inta badan waxay wataan hiddo-sideyaasha iska caabbinta antibiyootigga (anti-ampicillin, tetracycline).Marka plasmid-ka loo wareejiyo Escherichia coli, bakteeriyadu waxay yeelan doontaa iska caabin, kuwa aan wareejin ma yeelan doonaan iska caabin.Laakin ma kala saari karto in dib loo habeeyey iyo in kale.Xubin ka kooban laba hidde-side iska caabin ah, haddii jajab DNA oo shisheeye ah la geliyo mid ka mid ah hidde-sideyaasha oo uu keeno hidda-wadaha in la hawl-geliyo, laba kontarool oo saxan ah oo ay ku jiraan dawooyin kala duwan ayaa loo isticmaali karaa in lagu baadho dib-u-habaynta togan.Tusaale ahaan, pUC plasmid wuxuu ka kooban yahay hidda-wadaha LacZ (encoding β-galactosidase), kaas oo dumin kara substrate-ka chromogenic X-gal (5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indole-β-D-galactoside) si loo soo saaro buluug, sidaas awgeed u beddela cadaadiska buluug.Marka DNA-da ajnabiga ah la geliyo, hidda-wadaha LacZ lama sheegi karo, cidhiidhiguna waa caddaan, si loo baadho bakteeriyada dib-u-habaynta.
10. Sharax habka aasaasiga ah ee helitaanka xayawaanka transgenic iyada oo loo marayo unugyada stem embriyaha?
Unugyada asliga ee uurjiifka (ES) waa unugyo uurjiif ah inta lagu jiro korriinka uurjiifka, kuwaas oo si dabiici ah loo dhaqangelin karo oo badin kara waxayna leeyihiin shaqada ay ku kala soocaan noocyada kale ee unugyada.Dhaqanka unugyada ES: Tirada unugyada gudaha ee blastocyst waa go'doon iyo dhaqan.Marka ES lagu dhaqo lakabka feeder-la'aanta, waxay u kala sooci doontaa unugyo shaqeynaya oo kala duwan sida unugyada muruqa iyo unugyada N.Marka lagu dhaqo meel dhexe oo ay ku jiraan fibroblasts, ES waxay sii wadi doontaa shaqada kala duwanaanshaha.ES waxaa lagu maamuli karaa hidde ahaan, shaqadeeda kala soocidana waa la isku dari karaa iyada oo aan saameyn ku yeelanayn shaqadeeda kala soocida, taas oo xallisa dhibaatada isdhexgalka random.Soo geli hiddo-wadaha dibadda ka ah unugyada tarma ee uurjiifka, ka dibna lagu tallaalo ilmo-galeenka jiirarka dheddigga uurka leh, u koraan ilmo yaryar, oo ka gudba si aad u hesho jiirarka qaniisyada ah.