Saddexda xaraf ee SNP ayaa meel walba ku yaal daraasadda hidde-raaca dadweynaha.Iyadoo aan loo eegin cilmi-baarista cudurrada bini'aadamka, meelaynta dabeecadda dalagga, kobcinta xayawaanka iyo ecology molecular, SNPs ayaa loo baahan yahay saldhigga.Si kastaba ha noqotee, haddii aadan haysan faham qoto dheer oo ku saabsan hidde-sideyaasha casriga ah ee ku saleysan isku-xiga-soo-saarka sare, oo aad la kulanto saddexdan xaraf, waxay u muuqataa "shisheeyaha ugu caansan", markaa ma sameyn kartid cilmi-baaris dambe.Haddaba ka hor inta aanad bilaabin cilmi-baadhis dabagal ah, aynu eegno waxa SNP yahay.

SNP (hal nucleotide polymorphism), waxaan ka arki karnaa magaceeda buuxa ee Ingiriisiga, waxay tilmaamaysaa kala duwanaanshaha nucleotide ama polymorphism.Waxa kale oo ay leedahay magac gaar ah, oo loo yaqaan SNV (hal nucleotide kala duwanaansho).Daraasadaha bini'aadamka qaarkood, kaliya kuwa leh tirada dadwaynaha ee ka sarreeya 1% ayaa loo yaqaan SNPs, laakiin si ballaaran, labadaba waa la isku dari karaa.Markaa waxaan dhihi karnaa SNP, hal nucleotide polymorphism, waxay tilmaamaysaa isbeddelka kaas oo hal nucleotide ku jira genome lagu beddelayo nucleotide kale.Tusaale ahaan, shaxanka hoose, lamaanaha saldhigga AT waxaa lagu beddelay lammaane saldhig GC ah, oo ah goobta SNP.

Sawir

Si kastaba ha noqotee, haddii ay tahay "hal nucleotide polymorphism" ama "kala duwanaansho nucleotide ah", waa mid si qiyaas ah loo hadlo, sidaas darteed xogta SNP waxay u baahan tahay genome-ku-salaysan sida saldhigga, taas oo ah, xogta isku xigxiga ah ayaa la iskuxigaa ka dib marka genome-ga shakhsiga la isku xigxigo.Marka la barbardhigo genome-ka, goobta ka duwan genome-ka waxaa lagu ogaadaa goobta SNP.

Marka la eego SNP-yada khudaarta,Qalabka PCR ee Plant Directwaxaa loo isticmaali karaa ogaanshaha degdega ah.

Marka la eego noocyada isku beddelka, SNP waxaa ka mid ah kala-guurka iyo beddelka.Kala-guurka waxaa loola jeedaa beddelka purines ee purines ama pyrimidine ee pyrimidine.Beddelka waxa loola jeedaa beddelka wadajirka ah ee u dhexeeya purines iyo pyrimidines.Inta jeer ee dhacdadu way ka duwanaan doontaa, suurtogalnimada kala-guurka waxay noqon doontaa mid ka sarraysa midda gudniinka.

Marka la eego halka uu SNP ka dhaco, SNP-yada kala duwan ayaa saameyn kala duwan ku yeelan doona genome-ka.SNP-yada ka dhaca gobolka intergenic, taas oo ah, gobolka u dhexeeya hidde-sideyaasha genome-ka, ma saameyn karaan shaqada genome-ka, iyo isbeddellada ku jira gudaha gudaha ama kor u kaca kor u kaca ee hiddaha ayaa laga yaabaa inay saameyn gaar ah ku yeeshaan hiddaha;Isbeddellada ka dhaca gobollada exon ee hiddo-wadaha, iyada oo ku xidhan haddii ay isbeddel ku keenaan asiidhyada amino-ka ee la calaamadeeyay, waxay leeyihiin saamayn kala duwan oo ku saabsan hawlaha hidda-wadaha.(Dabcan, xitaa haddii laba SNPs ay keenaan kala duwanaanshiyaha amino acids, waxay leeyihiin saameyno kala duwan oo ku saabsan qaab dhismeedka borotiinka, iyo ugu dambeyntii saameynta phenotype noolaha ayaa laga yaabaa inay ka duwan tahay).

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, tirada SNP-yada ee ka dhaca goobaha hidda-wadaha ayaa inta badan aad uga yar kuwa aan hidde-sideyaasha ahayn, sababtoo ah SNP oo saameeya shaqada hidda-wadaha ayaa inta badan saameyn xun ku leh badbaadada shakhsiga, taas oo keentay in shakhsiga sita SNP-gan ee kooxda iyaga ka mid ah ayaa la tirtiray.

Dabcan, noolaha diploid-ka, koromosoomyadu waxay u jiraan labo-labo, laakiin suurtagal maaha in lammaanaha koromosoomyadu ay isku mid noqdaan saldhig kasta.Sidaa darteed, SNP-yada qaarkood waxay sidoo kale u muuqan doonaan heterozygous, taas oo ah, waxaa jira laba saldhig oo ku yaal booskan koromosoomyada.Koox ahaan, genotypes-ka SNP ee shakhsiyaadka kala duwan ayaa la isku geeyaa, taas oo noqonaysa saldhigga falanqaynta soo socota.Marka lagu daro sifooyinka, waxaa lagu qiimeyn karaa in SNP oo ah calaamad molecular ah ay ku xiran tahay sifooyinka, QTL (tirada goobta dabeecadda) ee dabeecadda waa la xukumi karaa, iyo GWAS (daraasaadka ururka genome-ballaaran) ama dhismaha khariidadaha hiddaha waa la samayn karaa;SNP waxaa loo isticmaali karaa sidii calaamad molecular Garsoore xiriirka koboca ee ka dhexeeya shakhsiyaadka;waxaad baari kartaa SNP-yada shaqeynaya oo aad baran kartaa isbeddellada la xiriira cudurrada;waxaad isticmaali kartaa isbeddellada soo noqnoqda ee SNP allele ama heerarka heterozygous iyo tilmaamayaasha kale si loo go'aamiyo gobollada la doortay ee genome ... iwm., oo ay weheliyaan hadda Iyadoo la horumarinayo isku-xiran oo sarreeya, boqollaal kun ama ka badan oo goobaha SNP ah ayaa laga heli karaa xogta isku xigxiga.Waxa la odhan karaa SNP waxay hadda noqotay tiirarka cilmi-baadhista hidde-wadaaga dadweynaha.

Dabcan, isbeddelada saldhigyada genome-ka had iyo jeer maaha beddelka hal saldhig oo kale (inkasta oo tani ay tahay midka ugu badan).Waxa kale oo suurtogal ah in hal ama dhawr saldhig ay maqan yihiin, ama laba saldhig.Dhowr saldhig oo kale ayaa la geliyey dhexda.Kala duwanaanshahan yar ee gelinta iyo tirtiridda waxaa si wadajir ah loogu yeeraa InDel (gelinta iyo tirtirka), taas oo si gaar ah loola jeedo gelinta iyo tirtirka jajabyada gaaban (hal ama dhowr saldhig).InDel oo ka dhaca goobta hidda-sidaha ayaa sidoo kale laga yaabaa inay saameyn ku yeelato shaqada hidda-wadaha, sidaas darteed mararka qaarkood InDel ayaa sidoo kale door muhiim ah ka ciyaari karta cilmi-baarista.Laakiin guud ahaan, heerka SNP oo ah aasaaska hidde-sidaha dadweynaha wali waa mid aan la gariiraynin.